NO FIM DO POST, DETALHES EM INGLÊS DO ACORDO, EM DOCUMENTO ENVIADO PELO DEPARTAMENTO DE ESTADO
O acordo final precisa ser concluído até junho. Uma série de questões técnicas ainda precisam ser negociadas. Mas o acordo de hoje é uma vitória para o presidente Barack Obama e seus aliados, assim como para o presidente do Irã, Hassan Rouhani. E demonstra como a diplomacia pode ser uma arma fundamental, sem a necessidade de que seja usada a alternativa militar.
Nos EUA, os republicanos e mesmo alguns membros do Partido Democrata podem se posicionar contra o acordo. Devem, no entanto, esperar um pouco para ver se funciona. Afinal, a maior parte da população americana é a favor de uma saída diplomática como a firmada hoje por Obama em uma maratona de negociações entre seu secretário de Estado, John Kerry, e o ministro das Relações Exteriores do Irã, Javad Zarif, além de chanceleres das outras potências envolvidas.
O governo de Israel e de alguns países árabes, como a Arábia Saudita, deixaram claro que são contra o acordo negociado. Todos seguirão agindo para evitar um acordo final até junho. Alguns integrantes da linha dura em Teerã também agirão para sabotar o acordo.
Independentemente do que digam os opositores a um acordo, o Irã está, a partir de hoje, bem mais distante de produzir uma bomba atômica do que estava antes das negociações. E o regime de Teerã, de acordo com Kerry, tem cumprido a sua parte do pré-acordo assinado há mais de um ano.
Os detalhes das medidas impostas ao Irã estão no fim deste post. Antes de terminar, porém, temos de deixar claro que este não é um acordo de paz entre EUA e Irã. Os dois países seguem como adversários. Mas trata-se de um acerto que reduz a tensão envolvendo o risco de o regime de Teerã produzir armas nucleares e abre espaço para diálogo em outras áreas.
Os EUA e o Irã possuem inimigos em comum, como a Al Qaeda e o ISIS, também conhecido como Grupo Estado Islâmico ou Daesh. Os dois países, indiretamente, por meio do governo em Bagdá e também dos curdos, tem agido com uma certa coordenação no Iraque. Na Síria, no entanto, não há coordenação, embora os dois lados evitem atritos.
Em outros conflitos no Oriente Médio, porém, americanos e iranianos estão em lados antagônicos. Os EUA consideram o Hezbollah um grupo terrorista e, embora entendam o papel do grupo no cenário político libanês, avaliam que o braço militar da organização desestabiliza o Líbano e serve como uma ameaça a Israel, maior aliado americano na região. O Irã apoia financeiramente, logisticamente e militarmente o Hezbollah, com o grupo tentando defender a sua agenda no Líbano e também o usando como arma contra Israel. Os EUA também veem com enorme preocupação os atritos do Irã com seus aliados no Golfo Pérsico, como a Arábia Saudita.
Estes tópicos são difíceis de resolver. O certo, porém, é que o Irã, persa, tem um perfil inverso de muitas nações árabes. Todos os países árabes, menos a Síria e o Sudão, são aliados dos EUA. Mas as populações árabes muitas vezes possuem um sentimento anti-americano. No Irã, o regime é anti-EUA, mas muitos habitantes gostam dos americanos.
Enrichment
- · Iran has agreed to reduce by approximately two-thirds its installed centrifuges. Iran will go from having about 19,000 installed today to 6,104 installed under the deal, with only 5,060 of these enriching uranium for 10 years. All 6,104 centrifuges will be IR-1s, Iran's first-generation centrifuge.
- · Iran has agreed to not enrich uranium over 3.67 percent for at least 15 years.
- · Iran has agreed to reduce its current stockpile of about 10,000 kg of low-enriched uranium (LEU) to 300 kg of 3.67 percent LEU for 15 years.
- · All excess centrifuges and enrichment infrastructure will be placed in IAEA monitored storage and will be used only as replacements for operating centrifuges and equipment.
- · Iran has agreed to not build any new facilities for the purpose of enriching uranium for 15 years.
- · Iran's breakout timeline - the time that it would take for Iran to acquire enough fissile material for one weapon - is currently assessed to be 2 to 3 months. That timeline will be extended to at least one year, for a duration of at least ten years, under this framework.
Iran will convert its facility at Fordow so that it is no longer used to enrich uranium
- · Iran has agreed to not enrich uranium at its Fordow facility for at least 15 years.
- Iran has agreed to convert its Fordow facility so that it is used for peaceful purposes only - into a nuclear, physics, technology, research center.
- · Iran has agreed to not conduct research and development associated with uranium enrichment at Fordow for 15 years.
- · Iran will not have any fissile material at Fordow for 15 years.
- · Almost two-thirds of Fordow's centrifuges and infrastructure will be removed. The remaining centrifuges will not enrich uranium. All centrifuges and related infrastructure will be placed under IAEA monitoring.
Iran will only enrich uranium at the Natanz facility, with only 5,060 IR-1 first-generation centrifuges for ten years.
o Iran has agreed to only enrich uranium using its first generation (IR-1 models) centrifuges at Natanz for ten years, removing its more advanced centrifuges.
o Iran will remove the 1,000 IR-2M centrifuges currently installed at Natanz and place them in IAEA monitored storage for ten years.
o Iran will not use its IR-2, IR-4, IR-5, IR-6, or IR-8 models to produce enriched uranium for at least ten years. Iran will engage in limited research and development with its advanced centrifuges, according to a schedule and parameters which have been agreed to by the P5+1.
o For ten years, enrichment and enrichment research and development will be limited to ensure a breakout timeline of at least 1 year. Beyond 10 years, Iran will abide by its enrichment and enrichment R&D plan submitted to the IAEA, and pursuant to the JCPOA, under the Additional Protocol resulting in certain limitations on enrichment capacity.
Inspections and Transparency
o The IAEA will have regular access to all of Iran's nuclear facilities, including to Iran's enrichment facility at Natanz and its former enrichment facility at Fordow, and including the use of the most up-to-date, modern monitoring technologies.
o Inspectors will have access to the supply chain that supports Iran's nuclear program. The new transparency and inspections mechanisms will closely monitor materials and/or components to prevent diversion to a secret program.
o Inspectors will have access to uranium mines and continuous surveillance at uranium mills, where Iran produces yellowcake, for 25 years.
o Inspectors will have continuous surveillance of Iran's centrifuge rotors and bellows production and storage facilities for 20 years. Iran's centrifuge manufacturing base will be frozen and under continuous surveillance.
o All centrifuges and enrichment infrastructure removed from Fordow and Natanz will be placed under continuous monitoring by the IAEA.
o A dedicated procurement channel for Iran's nuclear program will be established to monitor and approve, on a case by case basis, the supply, sale, or transfer to Iran of certain nuclear-related and dual use materials and technology - an additional transparency measure.
o Iran has agreed to implement the Additional Protocol of the IAEA, providing the IAEA much greater access and information regarding Iran's nuclear program, including both declared and undeclared facilities.
o Iran will be required to grant access to the IAEA to investigate suspicious sites or allegations of a covert enrichment facility, conversion facility, centrifuge production facility, or yellowcake production facility anywhere in the country.
o Iran has agreed to implement Modified Code 3.1 requiring early notification of construction of new facilities.
o Iran will implement an agreed set of measures to address the IAEA's concerns regarding the Possible Military Dimensions (PMD) of its program.
Reactors and Reprocessing
o Iran has agreed to redesign and rebuild a heavy water research reactor in Arak, based on a design that is agreed to by the P5+1, which will not produce weapons grade plutonium, and which will support peaceful nuclear research and radioisotope production.
o The original core of the reactor, which would have enabled the production of significant quantities of weapons-grade plutonium, will be destroyed or removed from the country.
o Iran will ship all of its spent fuel from the reactor out of the country for the reactor's lifetime.
o Iran has committed indefinitely to not conduct reprocessing or reprocessing research and development on spent nuclear fuel.
o Iran will not accumulate heavy water in excess of the needs of the modified Arak reactor, and will sell any remaining heavy water on the international market for 15 years.
o Iran will not build any additional heavy water reactors for 15 years.
Sanctions
o Iran will receive sanctions relief, if it verifiably abides by its commitments.
o U.S. and E.U. nuclear-related sanctions will be suspended after the IAEA has verified that Iran has taken all of its key nuclear-related steps. If at any time Iran fails to fulfill its commitments, these sanctions will snap back into place.
o The architecture of U.S. nuclear-related sanctions on Iran will be retained for much of the duration of the deal and allow for snap-back of sanctions in the event of significant non-performance.
o All past UN Security Council resolutions on the Iran nuclear issue will be lifted simultaneous with the completion, by Iran, of nuclear-related actions addressing all key concerns (enrichment, Fordow, Arak, PMD, and transparency).
o However, core provisions in the UN Security Council resolutions - those that deal with transfers of sensitive technologies and activities - will be re-established by a new UN Security Council resolution that will endorse the JCPOA and urge its full implementation. It will also create the procurement channel mentioned above, which will serve as a key transparency measure. Important restrictions on conventional arms and ballistic missiles, as well as provisions that allow for related cargo inspections and asset freezes, will also be incorporated by this new resolution.
o A dispute resolution process will be specified, which enables any JCPOA participant, to seek to resolve disagreements about the performance of JCPOA commitments.
o If an issue of significant non-performance cannot be resolved through that process, then all previous UN sanctions could be re-imposed.
o U.S. sanctions on Iran for terrorism, human rights abuses, and ballistic missiles will remain in place under the deal.
Phasing
o For ten years, Iran will limit domestic enrichment capacity and research and development - ensuring a breakout timeline of at least one year. Beyond that, Iran will be bound by its longer-term enrichment and enrichment research and development plan it shared with the P5+1.
o For fifteen years, Iran will limit additional elements of its program. For instance, Iran will not build new enrichment facilities or heavy water reactors and will limit its stockpile of enriched uranium and accept enhanced transparency procedures.
o Important inspections and transparency measures will continue well beyond 15 years. Iran's adherence to the Additional Protocol of the IAEA is permanent, including its significant access and transparency obligations. The robust inspections of Iran's uranium supply chain will last for 25 years.
o Even after the period of the most stringent limitations on Iran's nuclear program, Iran will remain a party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), which prohibits Iran's development or acquisition of nuclear weapons and requires IAEA safeguards on its nuclear program.
Guga Chacra, comentarista de política internacional do Estadão e do programa Globo News Em Pauta em Nova York, é mestre em Relações Internacionais pela Universidade Columbia. Já foi correspondente do jornal O Estado de S. Paulo no Oriente Médio e em NY. No passado, trabalhou como correspondente da Folha em Buenos Aires
Comentários islamofóbicos, antissemitas, anticristãos e antiárabes ou que coloquem um povo ou uma religião como superiores não serão publicados. Tampouco são permitidos ataques entre leitores ou contra o blogueiro. Pessoas que insistirem em ataques pessoais não terão mais seus comentários publicados. Não é permitido postar vídeo. Todos os posts devem ter relação com algum dos temas acima. O blog está aberto a discussões educadas e com pontos de vista diferentes. Os comentários dos leitores não refletem a opinião do jornalista
Acompanhe também meus comentários no Globo News Em Pauta, na Rádio Estadão, na TV Estadão, no Estadão Noite no tablet, no Twitter @gugachacra , no Facebook Guga Chacra (me adicionem como seguidor), no Instagram e no Google Plus.
